Michael Kazin, in his new book, Like a Civil War: The United States in the 1960s (Oxford University Press, 2000), helps educators understand the cultural context surrounding educational equity. Kazin writes that in the virtual civil war between liberals and conservatives that characterized the 1960s, it was actually the conservatives who won most of the battles. Today’s cultural landscape is littered with their mantras, now part of the national conventional wisdom: government is too big, taxes are too high, affirmative action is unfair, business is overregulated, and school choice will improve education. But conservatives did not win all the battles. Kazin believes that the most successful social crusade to emerge from that turbulent decade may well have been feminism, a movement that restructured American society. But not everyone concurs. Ultraconservative commentators take to the airwaves to proclaim that gender bias no longer exists, except for the men victimized by feminists. Their efforts have not been without success: today the word feminist carries as much negative as positive connotation. So what is an educator to believe?

Even if the politicalization of gender equity were not in high gear, gender equity would face an uphill struggle. Each time I begin a training program to enable educators to detect and eliminate bias from their classroom teaching, I am reminded of what some call gender blindness (Bailey, Scantlebury & Letts, 1997, p. 29). Often I show a videotape with subtle, if pervasive, gender bias. Asked to evaluate the tape, most teachers miss the bias. After a few minutes practicing some rudimentary coding of classroom interactions, we go "back to the tape." Surprise, surprise! Now the gender bias is overwhelming. No longer political or personal, the bias has become a research reality, their reality, and the teachers are motivated to create equitable teaching strategies. Why the initial gender block?

In Failing at Fairness (Touchstone, 1995), Myra and I talked about "a syntax of sexism so elusive that most teachers and students were completely unaware of its influence." It is still elusive, and many teachers still miss it. Teacher education and staff development programs do little to prepare teachers to "see" the subtle, unintentional, but damaging gender bias that characterizes classrooms.

But subtlety is not the only reason for the persistence of inequity: a false sense of accomplishment has also taken root. We have made wonderful advances, especially in the area of access to schools, courses and careers. While bias is less problematic today, it’s influence is no less virulent.

This article provides an update of salient and current research on gender progress and problems in schools (American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, 1998). In addition, the article touches upon some of the disturbing cultural developments that have distorted and politicized educational equity. If I can borrow a device used by a Late Night television host, let’s begin with a top ten list.

Update #10: Segregation still thrives in America’s schools.
Title IX has breached the walls of The Citadel and the Virginia Military Institute, and females are now admitted to virtually all tax supported educational institutions. Too often, however, courses of study and careers remain gender segregated.

• Females major in English, French, Spanish, music, drama, dance, while males populate computer science, physics, and engineering.

• A recent study of 14 School-to-Work sites revealed that over 90 percent of females cluster in five traditional careers.

• Although almost half of medical and law students are female, they are concentrated in a few female-friendly (and lower paying) specialties.

Update #8: Gender related safety and health concerns continue to plague females.
One hundred years ago, the argument against female education centered on health. Doctors warned that education redirected blood, initially destined for the ovaries, to the brain. The result: educated women were less likely to reproduce and more likely to go insane. The doctors’ prescription: keep girls out of school. Bizarre, but a sign of how female health issues were viewed. Today, our attention turns to more genuine and pressing health risks to consider. Twenty percent of school age girls report being physically or sexually abused, while 80 percent report that they had experienced some form of sexual harassment. Although research shows that physical activity for girls leads to higher self-esteem and life-long health benefits, girls are only half as likely as boys to participate in physical education.

Update #7: The dropout rate is not what we think it is.
Most educators and the public at large know that boys repeat grades and drop out of school at a higher rate than girls. However, few realize that girls who repeat a grade are more likely to dropout of school than male grade repeaters. When girls dropout of school, often due to pregnancy, they are less likely to return and complete school than boys. In 1995, for example, approximately one third of Hispanic females between 16 and 24 had not completed school, and had not passed a high school equivalency test. While boys dropout with a "crash," girls dropout more quietly, more quickly, and more permanently.

Update #6: For girls, gifted programs are often "early in and early out."
Girls are identified in equal or greater numbers for elementary school gifted programs than boys. However, by tenth grade a reversal occurs and girls begin to drop out at a higher rate than boys. Boys are more likely to be found in math and science gifted programs, and while girls populate gifted programs that focus on language arts. For both girls and boys, gifted programs often reinforce gender segregation.

Update #5: More needs to be done to understand and eliminate the gender bias that impacts males.
Because men earn more money, manage most organizations, dominate both government offices and sports arenas, many Americans assume that they are the victors in the great gender divide. In fact, sexism harms, and Title IX protects, both genders. Boys are stereotyped into their gender roles earlier and more harshly than females. Three out of four boys report being the targets of sexual harassment, usually in the form of taunts challenging their masculinity. Males who express an interest in careers atypical for their gender also encounter social pressures. The percentage of males in elementary teaching, for instance, is smaller today than when Title IX was written a quarter of a century ago.

While females receive lower grades on standardized tests, males receive lower course grades. Males are less likely to have close friends and more likely to endure alienation and loneliness at every stage of life. It is males, after all, who experience higher mortality rates through accidents, violence, and suicide, most of which are male role related. From school yard shootings to lower enrollments in the Humanities, much work remains to be done to reduce the influence of the male stereotype.

Update #4: Classroom interactions between teachers and students put males in the spotlight, and relegate females to the sidelines.
Studies of teacher discourse underscore male dominance in the classroom. Teachers unconsciously make males the focus of instruction, giving them more frequent and more precise attention. For some boys, this attention is unwanted. For some girls, the lack of attention may be unnoticed, or even desired (Feldhusen & Willard-Hoyt, 1993), but the impact can be costly. Increased teacher attention contributes to enhanced student performance. Girls lose out in this equation. African-American girls, for example, enter school assertive and outgoing, yet grow more passive and quiet through the school years (AAUW, 1998, p. 49). The power of the teacher’s time and attention means that boys reap the benefits of a more intense educational climate.

Update #3: The math and science gender gap is getting smaller.
While the idea that boys outperform girls in math and science is widespread, the increased national attention being paid to females in these subjects is paying dividends. Consider the following:

• During the 1990s, female enrollment increased in many math and science courses. These enrollment gains were seen in honors as well as advanced placement courses.

• Girls are now more likely than boys to take biology and chemistry courses, while physics is still a male domain. Boys, however, are more likely to have taken all three core science courses—physics, chemistry, and biology.

• Tests continue to reflect a gender gap, particularly high stakes tests like the SATs. Although the gap has shrunk in recent years, males continue to outscore females on both the math and verbal section of the SATs. Boys outscore girls on math and science achievement tests, while females outscore males on the verbal section of the ACT. Although more girls than boys take AP exams in all courses except math, science and computers, boys earn higher AP scores and are more likely to receive college credit.

In a recent national study of mathematics and science methods professors, Campbell and Sanders (1997) found that two thirds of education professors spent two hours or less teaching about gender equity, and rarely provided practical classroom strategies to neutralize bias. More than half of the professors were "satisfied" with this limited treatment. Why are these professors "satisfied?" Why has teacher education been so slow to incorporate and respond to gender bias?

One explanation may be found in social resistance to feminism, female concerns, and even gender studies. Although cultural resistance is often difficult to detect, at times, it can be strikingly clear. In one study, a Sociology of Gender course syllabus developed and taught by a fictitious Wendy Barker was distributed to students enrolled in 17 different courses. The students were asked to rate the syllabus according to a number of questions. Many student ratings indicated that the course was imbued with bias, promoted a political agenda, and contained exams and papers that were too subjective. While all students reflected a bias against the female instructor, the bias was strongest among male students. When the exact same syllabus, only this time developed and taught by William Barker, a fictitious male, was distributed to a similar group of students, the evaluations instantly became more positive. Now the course was rated as far less biased, the work appeared fair and reasonable, the instructor credible and available to students. Taught by a male, the same course was considered more comprehensive and more attractive. (Moore & Trahan, 1997).

Many female administrators, teachers, professors and counselors share similar experiences, believing that they must work harder simply to be considered equal. For males, there is an unspoken, often unconscious, sense of entitlement. Male entitlement is reflected in their belief that they influence school policy. Female teachers do not express similar feelings of power and influence (Lee, Loeb & Marx, 1995). It is no wonder, therefore, that political forces can exploit female alienation and cultural resistance to feminism to promote their conservative social agenda, which brings us to our final update.

Update #1: Political forces are intent on reversing many of the gains in educational equity made during the past decade.
Thirty years ago, when Myra and I first began to research gender bias, we thought that the task was pretty straightforward. First we would objectively analyze schools to see if bias really existed. If we found bias, we would document the inequities and work on solutions. We thought that armed with knowledge, people would want to change. Not so simple.

Educational equity is now a political issue. Ultraconservative "educational research" organizations have been created to discredit the decades of studies documenting gender bias in schools. Not satisfied with attacking research, they also question the integrity and motivations of the researchers. With generous private funding and contacts with right-of-center talk show hosts, news commentators, and even mainline periodicals, these "media experts" launch their attacks.

In the past, the enemies of equity spoke more openly about their beliefs: the "natural" roles of men and women, the "biological destinies" of each, even biblical references to explain the second class status of females. A new day requires new tactics. The Internet and the media do not evaluate the qualifications of these "researchers." As a result, the life work of scores of competent researchers are attacked by individuals who make up in "colorful commentary" what they lack in research qualifications. I regret the ultimate cost of such tactics may have on the lives of children.

So what are educators to do? Perhaps professional associations can screen the "experts," providing the media with objective assessments of the qualifications of all who speak to this issue, and separating the politically affiliated and funded spokespersons from objective researchers with relevant credentials. Individual educators, teachers and administrators, can insure that instructional strategies and curricular innovations benefit all our children. Twenty-five years after Title IX, it is time for us to celebrate our progress, and recommit ourselves to finishing the job.

References

American Association of University Women Educational Foundation. (1998) Gender Gaps: Where Our Schools Fail Our Children. Washington DC: Author

Bailey, B.L., Scantlebury, K & Letts, W.J. (Jan-Feb 1997) "It’s Not My Style: Using Disclaimers to Ignore Issues in Science," Journal of Teacher Education (48) 1, 29-35.

Campbell, P. B. & Sanders, J. (January-February 1997). Uninformed But Interested: Findings of a National Survey on Gender Equity in Preservice Teacher Education. Journal of Teacher Education, 48 (1), 69-75.

Feldhusen, F.F. & Willard-Hoyt, C. (1993). Contemporary Educational Psychology, 18, 355-362.

Knupfer, N.N. (Winter 1998). Gender DiVisions across Technology Advertisements and the WWW: Implications for Educational Equity. Theory Into Practice, 37 (1), 54-63.

Lee, V.E., Loeb, S & Marks, H.M. (May 1995) "Gender Differences in Secondary School Teachers’ Control over Classroom and School Policy," American Journal of Education (103), 259-301.

Lundeberg, M.A. (January-February 1997) "You Guys Are Overreacting: Teaching Prospective Teachers About Subtle Gender Bias," Journal of Teacher Education (48) 1 55-61.

Moore, M & Trahan R. (Dec 1997) "Biased and Political: Student Perceptions of Females Teaching About Gender," College Student Journal (31) 434-444.

Sadker, M. & Sadker, D.(1995) Failing at Fairness: How Our Schools Cheat Girls. New York: Touchstone Press.